It was Qin Hui’s house, followed by Zhao Gou Palace: Hangzhou saw the Fushou Palace, a Song Yun Palace wall red
Because it runs through the old city of Hangzhou from north to south, the river is called the Middle River.
According to records, it was dug in the Tang Dynasty, and it used to be the main road connecting the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to the Qiantang River.
Today, it has no longer the benefit of boats, only landscape function.
Recently, a new red wall was built on the west bank of the ancient canal flowing through the south of the city.
The Red wall became the Internet red card point of Hangzhou citizens, and then someone found that it was not like the red wall of the Forbidden City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Some media interviewed experts, there is a saying that that is vermilion, this is dai Zhe, in vermilion more ink.
The difference of one color, is already a different generation.
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The antique electric boat boat is on the middle river in Hangzhou. Xinhua News Agency
More than 800 years ago, “Father’s Kindness and Filial Piety”
This red wall is the exterior wall of the Southern Song Dynasty Deoksugung Palace Ruins Museum. On the morning of November 22, 2022, the museum officially opened to the public for free and welcomed the first batch of visitors. During the past New Year’s Day holiday, 1,200 online reservation places were opened here every day, and many Hangzhou citizens still said that “it is difficult to find a ticket”.
The museum is built on the site of Deshou Palace, located in the northeast corner of the intersection of Wangjiang Road and Zhonghe in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, and is a special museum of the site that mainly protects, researches, collects and displays the site itself and unearthed cultural relics, and displays the historical culture and cultural relics of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Deoksugung Palace was the residence of Emperor Taishang during the Southern Song Dynasty. He Zhongli, a professor of history at Zhejiang University and director of the Southern Song Dynasty History Research Center of the Hangzhou Academy of Social Sciences, once pointed out that it was called “Beinei” in Lin’an City at that time, and its status was no less than that of the imperial palace in the south.
In June of the 32nd year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1162), Song Gaozong ceded the throne to his adopted son Song Xiaozong Zhao Tuan. Deoksugung Palace ushered in Emperor Taishang Zhao Gou. This location was previously the mansion given to Qin Hui by Zhao Gou. After Qin Hui’s death, the mansion was recovered by Zhao Gou and then expanded into Deokshou Palace.
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The main entrance of the Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
The reputation of this emperor duo is famously poor, but their relationship is not as “iron” as outsiders think. Qin Hui was seriously ill, and when Zhao Gou came back from his illness, he issued an edict ordering him to be a servant. Waiting for Qin Hui’s life that night, Zhao Gou took the mansion back to live in himself. Later, Zhu Xi also said conclusively that Emperor Gaozong had to hide a dagger in his body to guard against the arrogant Qin Hui.
Some experts speculate that in Qin Hui’s later years, some people patted on the back and said that his residence had a “royal spirit”, and most of these words would reach Zhao Gou’s ears. Maybe that’s a reason for him to stay on his own.
However, Zhao Gou lived quite comfortably in Deoksugung Palace, from the age of 56 to the age of 81. Researcher Wang Yu, director of the Cultural Research Institute of the Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences, said that during the Southern Song Dynasty, rich and noble people lived to 60 to be called high life, and no one regretted that they “died young” when they lived to 50.
“Residence and movement, nourishment and body”, Deshou Palace represents the highest level of court garden construction in the Song Dynasty. In its heyday, it has more than 270 buildings, its north garden is divided into four major areas, the layout of spring, summer, autumn and winter four seasons of landscape, there is also a “small West Lake”, there are Feilai Peak, Lengquan Hall, Juyuan Building on the shore of the small West Lake……
“The wind in front of Juyuan Building, the water under the Cold Spring Hall is dissolved. Why is the heat in the world, it is really the first weight of Yaotai. This is the praise of the royal literati for the scenery of Deoksugung Palace. He Zhongli said that Deoksugung Palace is not a majestic and magnificent type, but wins with its clever layout, just like the Humble Administrator’s Garden, Lion Forest and other Suzhou gardens we see today.
These landscapes are said to have been built because Zhao Gou was unwilling to go to the West Lake to disturb the people, so Zhao Tuan built them to show filial piety. Zhao Gou was frightened by the Jin soldiers when he was in Yangzhou, lost his fertility, and the only son born before died early, and he was selected and compared, and finally chose Zhao Tuan, the seventh grandson of Song Taizu, as the prince. When compiling the History of the Song Dynasty, the historians of the Yuan Dynasty praised Zhao Tuan as the best emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty – “Zhuo Ran is the first emperor of the Nandu Emperors”.
Wang Yu said that Song Xiaozong’s family and country feelings were stronger than those of his adoptive father, he lived a simple life, was diligent in government and loved the people, and was also supported by scholars.
The historians of the old times especially praised his filial piety, believing that the temple name of “filial piety” was well-deserved for him. According to historical records, during the reign of Hyojong, he had to go to Deoksugung Palace four times a month to meet Gaozong. Zhou Mi, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, had such a record in “Wulin Old Things”, on the New Year’s Day of the thirteenth year of Chunxi (1186), Gaozong’s 80th birthday, Xiaozong discharged 534 people to congratulate him. “Thousands of people from all over the world, thousands of miles away, to see the event. The people of the capital are white, and there are those who are so happy that they cry. And Song Gaozong also seemed very loving, Xiaozong returned to the palace drunk, and asked his entourage to take care of him, see the rain and mud, and also told him not to come to the court, the summer is hot, let him come to escape the heat……
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Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum Chonghua Hall. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
20 years of archaeology, reproducing “Kitachi”
In October of the 14th year of Chunxi of the Southern Song Dynasty (1187), Song Gaozong died of illness. In less than two years, in February of the sixteenth year of Chunxi (1189), Song Xiaozong abdicated, passed on the throne of Guangzong, and also moved to Deoksugung Palace to live, and renamed the main body of Deoksugung Palace Chonghua Palace. The remaining part had previously been renamed Cifu Palace, where Empress Wu, the wife of Song Gaozong, lived.
Later, Song Guangzong became the third emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, but refused to move to Deoksugung Palace as usual. Song Ningzong, who succeeded to the throne, had to live in Deoksugung Palace for a while, and then move back when the new palace was built.
After that, the original Deshou Palace was renamed Cifu Palace, where Empress Wu lived, and the original Cifu Palace was renamed Shouci Palace, which was inhabited by Empress Xie, the wife of Song Xiaozong. Empress Wu died in Cifu Palace, and Empress Xie later moved back to the palace to live. On the eve of the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Duzong rebuilt the northern part of Deshou Palace into the Taoist palace Guanzongyang Palace, and analyzed the southern part into a private residence.
Since then, the once prosperous “Beinai”, which once lived two emperors, two queen mothers, and one emperor, gradually fell into disuse. And to rediscover its ruins, it is already more than 800 years later at the beginning of this century. At that time, the ruins were buried 2.5-4 meters above the ground. Zheng Jiali, deputy director of the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, said that unlike today’s people who will dig down the foundation and drive the pile foundation when building houses, the ancients Xi used to build houses on the basis of their predecessors, so the ground of Hangzhou City has been higher and higher since ancient times.
Before the archaeological team entered the site, the ruins of Deshou Palace were only the site of the Hangzhou Tool Factory. The plot was originally planned to be sold after the completion of demolition in 2005 for the construction of commercial housing. However, with the deepening of archaeology, its value has been increasingly valued by Hangzhou, and it has undergone four archaeological excavations in more than 20 years.
The first time was from September to December 2001, when the Hangzhou Archaeological Institute carried out archaeological excavations in cooperation with the Wangjiang Road widening project, and discovered the east palace wall, the south palace wall and some palace buildings of Deshou Palace for the first time. The second time was from November 2005 to April 2006, during the renovation of the old city in the Wangjiang area, they excavated the plot of the former Hangzhou Tool Factory and found the west palace wall of Deshou Palace, as well as important architectural relics such as convenient gates, canals, sluices, pools, brick paved roads, column foundations, wall foundations, large rammed earth foundations, and wells.
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The garden building of the Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
Wang Zhengyu, deputy director of the Hangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, said: “The discovery of the southern, eastern and western palace walls provides an important basis for us to determine the scope of the Deoksugung Palace site. It has an area of about 110,000 square meters. ”
From April to July 2010, the third archaeological survey found rammed earth foundations, palace building foundations, wells, and culverts. As a result, archaeologists have basically clarified the general distribution of the ruins of palaces in the southern part of the central axis of the Deoksugung Palace.
The fourth excavation, from April 2017 to early 2020, included the work area of the second and third excavations, covering an area of about 7,000 square meters, and found the remains of the palace foundation, rockery foundation, large brick road, drainage facilities and pool revetments.
Wang Zhengyu said that the fourth excavation identified the ruins of the early Southern Song Dynasty at the bottom, and the relics related to the ruins of Deshou Palace, which are divided into three phases. Among them, the relics of the third phase, which was built at the latest, are the best preserved and the largest in scale, leaving the foundation site of a large palace in the central district and the remains of the I-shaped hall in the western district and the ancillary ruins. This provides a basis for external presentation. In addition, the site has also unearthed more than 8,000 pieces (groups) of artifact specimens from various periods, of which ceramics account for the highest proportion, and porcelain is dominated by celadon in the Song Dynasty.
The archaeological work of Lin’an City in the Southern Song Dynasty began in the 80s of the last century. Wang Zhengyu told reporters that because Lin’an City is stacked under the ground of modern Hangzhou, it is almost impossible to carry out active archaeological excavations, and the best opportunity is to follow up in the infrastructure. “We started with fragmented archaeology from a piece of area, and slowly pieced together the whole picture of Lin’an City. ”
Although the site of Deocugung Palace is 110,000 square meters, it is not easy to have an archaeological site of about 7,000 square meters. Wang Zhengyu’s colleague Shi Mengyi said that this is the largest area in the archaeological work of Lin’an City in the Southern Song Dynasty, which provides a reference for revealing more ruins of the Southern Song Dynasty official office and even the imperial palace in the future. Zhuo Jun, deputy director of the Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Gardens and Cultural Relics, also said that the site of Deshou Palace is the architectural site with the longest duration and the largest excavation area in Lin’an City in the Southern Song Dynasty since the founding of New China.
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Overlooking the Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
Protect Deoksugung Palace with “Deoksugung Palace”.
At the end of 2020, the construction of the Deoksugung Palace Ruins Museum began, and it officially opened in November 2022. The total land area of the project is about 21,000 square meters, and the construction area is about 12,000 square meters, which is divided into the restoration and furnishing exhibition area of the main hall of Chonghua Palace, the special exhibition area of the history and culture of the Southern Song Dynasty, the exhibition area of the archaeological achievements of the main hall of Chonghua Palace and the ruins of Deshou Palace, the special exhibition area of Lin’an City in the Southern Song Dynasty of the main hall of Cifu Palace, and the exhibition area of Cifu Palace and related garden sites.
This is a museum that vividly shows the imperial architectural style of the Southern Song Dynasty, and from the outside, it does have the atmosphere of “Golden Jue Yao Lingxiao Dawn Color”. To this end, Zhuo Jun emphasized to the media that this museum is not a “restoration” of Deshou Palace, but a restoration and display of the Southern Song Dynasty royal garden style in situ with the original appearance and original scale, combining the inheritance of Song Yun style with the construction of protection sheds.
“As the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou has long lacked a representative and viewable cultural space for Song Yun. Huang Zi, director of the China Association for the Protection of Historic Sites and Sites, commissioner of the Ancient Architecture Expert Group of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and chief consultant of Zhejiang Ancient Architecture Design and Research Institute, served as the chief designer of the museum. He said that on the one hand, the design plan shows a group of palace buildings on the shed of the Central District Ruins Protection Hall, which is aligned up and down with the ruins column network, so that the audience can not only vaguely see the past scenery, but also truly touch the traces of the years. On the other hand, a group of garden landscapes are dotted in the northern area, further showing the artistic characteristics and aesthetic orientation of the Southern Song Dynasty garden.
In this regard, Wang Yu also believes that there are not too many large-scale Southern Song Dynasty relics in Hangzhou, and even if there are relics, their type is very simple, that is, pagodas or stone bridges. The lack of large-scale ruins will lead to a misunderstanding of Lin’an City in the Southern Song Dynasty, forgetting that it was the capital of the southern half of China at that time, and concentrated the best talents, the most advanced culture, and maintained the rule of the regime. “There were mausoleums in the Qin and Han dynasties, there were not only mausoleums in the Sui and Tang dynasties, but also large ruins like the Longmen Grottoes, and the Forbidden City in the Ming and Qing dynasties, so we need to have a material perception of the Southern Song Dynasty. ”
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The narrator introduces the architectural layout of Deoksugung Palace. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
But at the beginning of construction, there were no examples of Song Dynasty palaces. Huang Zi said that on the one hand, the design team inspected the Song Dynasty buildings and ancient pagodas in Zhejiang Province, and on the other hand, based on the ancient books and paintings of the Song Dynasty, they tried to restore the overall layout of Deshou Palace. For example, the building code “Construction of the French Style” promulgated by the Northern Song Dynasty and reprinted by the Southern Song Dynasty contains a lot of wisdom of Yu Hao, a famous craftsman from Zhejiang and Zhejiang, the “Siling Lu” of Zhou Bida, the left prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, records a large number of historical events of Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, and the “Menglianglu” of the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty recalls the style of Lin’an – these ancient books have been repeatedly studied by them.
In ancient China, there was a kind of painting that was dedicated to painting buildings – boundary painting. By the Song Dynasty, there was a peak in boundary painting represented by the “Qingming Riverside Picture”. Famous boundary paintings such as “Ruihe Picture” and “Penglai Immortal Pavilion Map” have also become a reference for the restoration of the palace style of the Song Dynasty because of their accurate depiction of architectural details. Huang Zi said that such as the dougong, the cornice, the color of the tiles, and the animals on the ridge, all kinds of details strive to be close to the original appearance of the Song Dynasty.
“For earthen sites, backfilling is the best way to protect them. Zhuo Jun said, but for the Deoksugung ruins, which link the past and the future, it is the greatest value it brings to the world to realize the inheritance of excellent traditions and cultural innovation through protection and display. In the end, more than 4,000 square meters of the site with the most explanatory value and the conditions for revealing the display were displayed on the original site.
Luming is not in broad daylight, and the site itself is displayed in an indoor conservation shed. The room temperature in the exhibition area is not higher than 26 degrees Celsius in summer, the temperature is not less than 10 degrees Celsius in winter, the relative humidity is not more than 70%, the relative humidity difference between day and night is not more than 5%, and the light intensity is not more than 180 lux, while the national standard stipulates that the illumination on the classroom desks in primary and secondary schools cannot be less than 300 lux.
“The purpose of ‘moving’ all the ruins into the indoor protection shed is to reduce the harm of light to the ruins and inhibit microbial diseases. Zhuo Jun said that the construction process of this museum is also an exploration, that is, for the first time, the Southern Song Dynasty architectural garden sites in the humid environment are systematically protected to the greatest extent. In addition to disease control, the biggest enemy of site conservation is water. “The water table here is about one meter, and if you can’t stop the water and prevent it, it will turn into a swimming pool. ”
To this end, the Deoksugung Palace Ruins Museum has surrounded the site with a high-strength concrete slab 440 meters long, 70 centimeters wide, and 17 to 18 meters deep, forming a curtain to stop water. It wraps the entire site to minimize the disturbance to the site, and at the same time plays a role in partitioning and preventing seepage.
“After 800 years, for the first time, we have seen the largest area of exposed display, the highest level, and the most comprehensive restoration research of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial architecture and garden ruins. Zhuo Jun said that this museum is the first time in China to systematically display the whole history and culture of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the first large-scale protection exhibition in the South.An important window of Song history and culture, it will also provide an empirical reference for the future comprehensive protection project of the imperial city ruins of the Southern Song Dynasty.
The Qingbai porcelain boy statue unearthed in Hangzhou on display in the Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
What is Song Yun?
The main hall of Chonghua Palace in the central area of the Deshou Palace Ruins Museum is a terracotta, wooden structure, five-bay single-eaves hilltop building, with a width of 27.2 meters, a depth of 17.44 meters, and a height of 11.6 meters. It did not use the roof of the palace, which was the highest level of ancient architecture, because it was rarely used in Song Dynasty architecture, and the roof was covered with terracotta tiles, and because no glazed tiles were excavated in the ruins.
The exhibition area of Chonghua Palace covers an area of about 450 square meters, with two thrones, one in the center and one on the right, imitating the important scene of discussing the state with Xiaozong and hundreds of civil and military officials after the Zen throne of Gaozong, as well as the classic scene of playing with the court of the Song Dynasty and drinking tea and resting.
On the first floor of the central area, the museum has set up the History and Culture Hall of the Southern Song Dynasty, which is divided into two units: the Preface Hall and the Establishment of the Country with the Sea and the Prosperity of the Times. It shows the political, economic, cultural and life of the Southern Song Dynasty for more than 150 years from many aspects such as development history, economic and cultural achievements, science and technology, foreign trade, and cultural exchanges. The main hall of Cifu Palace in the west area is set up as a special exhibition area of Lin’an City in the Southern Song Dynasty, which comprehensively introduces the location, characteristics and functional zoning of Lin’an City in the Southern Song Dynasty.
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The docent introduces the stone carving rubbings of the Southern Song Dynasty carving “Confucius and Seventy-two Disciples” exhibited in the Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
In the “underground” in the central area, the main hall of Chonghua Palace and the archaeological achievements of Deoksugung Palace, and the exhibition area of Cifu Palace and related garden ruins in the west area are the essence of the museum. Visitors can follow the glass overhead plank road to see the relics of the Southern Song Dynasty with a height difference of about 1 meter from their feet: fragrant cake bricks, piers, pillar capstones, waterways, pools and wooden piles at the bottom of the pool…… They seem to be plain, but they are genuine relics of the Song Dynasty, carrying the peerless elegance of 800 years ago.
However, Zhuo Jun admits that it is a difficult problem for people to understand the earthen ruins, so the Deoksugung Palace Ruins Museum has carried out a large-scale digital restoration display. The exhibition area of Chonghua Palace Ruins adopts CAVE space projection technology to indicate the ruins of the three stages in turn, and can also produce a large immersive visual effect through the three-fold screen, allowing the audience to be in the scene of Song Xiaozong congratulating Song Gaozong on his birthday. In the exhibition area of the ruins of Cifu Palace, projection technology makes the original dry waterway ruins gurgling, and the “Little West Lake”, which has been obliterated for 800 years, reappears in the world.
There are a total of 11 digital check-in points in the site, through 3D interactive installations, dynamic scrolls, digital projections, interactive AR augmented reality and virtual reality and other methods, technology empowers the display of the ruins of Deosugung Palace and the architectural garden style of the royal palace in different periods, creating an authentic, immediate and immersive viewing effect.
“We also fully excavated more than 3,000 square meters of space, and exhibited more than 190 pieces (groups) of Song Dynasty cultural relics such as Longquan kiln blue glaze hexagonal seven-tube view basin and official kiln pink blue glaze gooseneck bottle. Shi Yunshu, deputy director of the Shangcheng District Bureau of Culture, Radio, Tourism and Sports, and director of the Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum, said that the museum strives to innovate narrative methods and communication languages through various exhibitions such as documentaries, architectural models, and scene reproductions, and enrich the exhibition structure and viewing experience. In the future, the museum will also develop cultural and creative products and digital collections, hold temporary exhibitions and academic seminars, and organize elegant gatherings, garden parties and temporary exhibitions, so that the Deoksugung Palace site will truly become a “display window for Song Yun cultural inheritance”.
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The remains of the palace architecture displayed in the Southern Song Dynasty Deshou Palace Ruins Museum. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Weng Xinyang
“The culture of the Chinese nation, which has evolved over thousands of years, was created in the Zhao and Song dynasties. The famous words of Chen Yinke, a historian, have long been “out of the circle” and are all the rage. So, what exactly is Song Yun?
Zheng Jiali, who has long been committed to the archaeology of the Song Dynasty, believes that Song Yun culture should include the patriotism of righteousness, the spirit of scholars who take the world as their own responsibility, the Zhejiang academic thought that has been applied to the world, the overseas trade that looks at the world, the typical and generous life aesthetics of scholars, the rich and diverse life of citizens, the culture and art that laid the aesthetic paradigm for later generations, and the science and technology represented by the three major inventions.
“Song Yun culture is by no means the same as the all-encompassing, good and bad Song Dynasty culture. The Song Yun culture we understand refers to the excellent civilization elements, inner spirit and cultural values that have been passed down to the present day in the two Song Dynasty cultures. Chen Ye, former vice president of the Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences and professor of Zhejiang University, believes that Song Yun culture can roughly include the material rhyme in the field of daily life, the ingenuity rhyme in the field of production technology, the rhyme of order in the field of social operation, the rhyme of knowledge in the field of discovery and invention, the rhyme of speculation in the field of academic thought, the aesthetic rhyme in the field of literature and art, and so on. They are presented in various forms such as ideology, system, economy, people’s life, society, literature, art, architecture, religion, science and technology. These achievements of civilization, which have the value of cultural creation and the significance of historical progress, have converged into the essence of the culture of the two Song Dynasty and condensed into the unique temperament and fashion of an era.