A few days ago, Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau held a press conference on “Important Archaeological Discoveries in Shaanxi in 2022”, and released a number of important archaeological achievements, such as the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the site of Qingpingbao.
Pit No.1 of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor: A preliminary study of the arrangement law of the Qing army array
The burial pits of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are a group of large burial pits outside the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang, among which the No.1 pit has the largest area, reaching 14,260 square meters. From 2009 to 2022, the first pit was excavated for the third time by the Mausoleum Museum of Qin Shihuang, with an excavation area of about 430 square meters. A total of more than 220 pottery figurines and 16 pottery horses were cleaned up; 4 chariots, 2 drums, 1 drumstick, 1 painted shield and 3 cages; There are many weapons, bows and arrows; There are more than 1,000 pieces (groups) of chariots and horses, weapons and production tools.
“The third excavation of No.1 pit provided many new and valuable materials for the study of Qin figurines and Qin history, and made breakthrough progress in some aspects.” Experts said.
The excavation shows that the wooden structure of the terracotta warriors and horses pit is a frame structure composed of floor, column, Fang wood and shed wood, which is technically primitive compared with other burial pits composed of cushion wood, column, box board wood and shed board wood. Therefore, it is considered that the burial pits of terracotta warriors and horses should be a group of burial pits built earlier in the cemetery.
It is understood that the long weapons in the excavation pit are mainly beryllium and halberd, and the short weapons can distinguish the difference between the two bronze swords. The long-range weapon solves the problem of the use of wood, and the protective equipment cleans up the first shield in the pit, and the command equipment cleans up the drums and drumsticks. In terms of the rank and array of figurines, the functions of special figurines are clarified, and the arrangement law of arrays is preliminarily clarified. In the aspect of vehicle relics, the relics such as cages and grates were cleared up, and it was judged that the vehicle was equipped with a container for containing sundries, not a manger.
The excavation shows that a new breakthrough has been made in the method of making pottery figurines, and the process of making pottery figurines has been clarified. The arms of the terracotta figures are made separately, and the arms are bonded after the trunk of the terracotta figures is completely made, covered with fine mud and carved in detail. “Wu le gong Ming” has its specific scope and degree of implementation, and different products have different quality requirements. New breakthroughs have also been made in painting protection and cultural relics restoration. Up to now, more than 140 pottery figurines have been restored.
Qingpingbao Site: An Empirical Study of the Integration and Development of the Chinese Nation
Qingpingbao Site is located in Dongmengou Village, Yangqiao Town, Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province. It is one of the 36 camps of the Great Wall in Yansui Town in Ming Dynasty, and it is also one of the places where Ming and Mongolia exchanged markets.
Archaeologists exposed the central building, south gate and urn, Xianying Palace, houses and shops, temples outside the fort, and unearthed a large number of building components, household porcelain fragments and painted clay statues.
The center building was originally a high-rise pavilion building, located in the center of Qingpingbao. Now only the platform body is left, and there are four coupon holes under the platform body, connecting the four main streets in the fort. Center building book.The body and its architectural layout in the city site can be traced back to the market in the Han Dynasty at the earliest, reflecting the commercial function attribute of the castle. The south gate is located in the middle of the south wall of Qingpingbao, opposite to the voucher cave on the south side of the central building, and outside the gate is the urn city, which has the attribute of military defense.
According to experts, Xianying Palace is located in the north of the west side of the central building, with a rectangular plane. The architectural structure is well preserved, and the structure of the front facing the back, the stage and the wall, and the east and west, reflects the strong cultural factors of the Central Plains. The clay statues unearthed in the East and West can be divided into two categories, namely, the images in the Ming Dynasty and the images in the Mongolian style, which reflect the exchange, integration and equal coexistence of the Mongolian and Chinese peoples.
It is understood that on both sides of the street on the south side of the central building, more than 10 relatively dense small buildings have been cleared, most of which are “one building and two interiors” structures. There are brick fire kang in the houses, and there are ruins of grinding houses or mills in the courtyards, which are ordinary houses inhabited by soldiers and civilians stationed in Fort at that time. The temple site on the south side of the fort’s outer protective pier is a north-south rectangular courtyard, which reflects the strong life and religious atmosphere of Qingpingbao during its use.
“The self-positioning of Qingpingbao at the beginning of its construction has dual attributes of military and commerce. In the process of use, more cultural exchanges and ethnic integration take place in and around the fort.” Experts believe that the site of the Great Wall, represented by Qingpingbao, is a place where ethnic groups and cultures on both sides of the Great Wall collide, communicate and merge, which promotes the integrated development of the Chinese nation and the exchange and inheritance of Chinese civilization.
(Yang Yapeng)